Description
4000056-002 TRICONEX nput/output communication card
4000056-002 TRICONEX nput/output communication card
Module Clips Drive controller servo motor
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What is the function of an IO chip
Io generally refers to input and output devices, where I is the input and O is the output. The input to the IO port of the chip is the external signal transmission to the chip, while the output is the internal signal transmission to other devices. The input and output are relative. In short, in a broad sense, the control of input and output interfaces is called an IO chip, and network cards are also considered IO or array cards.
The CPU must read and write data to external registers or ROMs on RAM or other hardware through IO commands (such as input/output commands). For example, reading a keyboard involves accessing external registers on the keyboard through the 60H port, and the chip on the keyboard scans the keyboard. Pressing or holding down a key for a long time will cause the chip to generate corresponding scan or break codes, which will be written to the external register of the 60H port, so that the CPU can achieve the purpose of controlling the keyboard. Therefore, I think IO chips should refer to a large category. The CPU already has powerful IO instructions and corresponding control buses.
51 microcontroller IO port input and output mode_ Four usage methods for IO ports
The traditional 51 microcontroller IO interface can only be used as a standard bidirectional IO interface. If it is used to drive LED, it can only be driven by injecting current or using a transistor external expansion drive circuit.
Current injection method: LED positive pole connected to VCC, negative pole connected to IO port. If the IO is at a high level, the two poles of the LED are at the same level, and there is no current, the LED will turn off; IO is at low power level, current flows from VCC to IO, and LED lights up. But when you connect the positive pole of the LED to the IO interface and the negative pole to GND, placing the IO interface at a high level will cause the LED to light up. However, due to the insufficient pull-up capability of the IO interface, the brightness is not ideal. The following method can be used to solve this problem.
Push-pull working mode: The positive and negative poles of the LED are connected to two IO ports, and then the positive IO interface is set as the push-pull output, while the negative IO interface is set as the standard bidirectional current input. The push pull method has strong pull-up ability and can achieve high-level LED driving.
Four usage methods for IO ports4000056-002 TRICONEX nput/output communication card
From the perspective of the characteristics of the I/O port, the P0 port of Standard 51 is an open drain structure when used as an I/O port, and in practical applications, a pull-up resistor is usually added; P1, P2, and P3 are all quasi bidirectional I/Os with internal pull-up resistors, which can be used as both input and output. The I/O port characteristics of the LPC900 series microcontroller have certain differences, and they can be configured into four different working modes: quasi bidirectional I/O, push pull output, high resistance input, and open drain.
Compared with Standard 51, the quasi bidirectional I/O mode differs in internal structure but is similar in usage. For example, when used as an input, it must first write “1” to set it to high level before reading the level state of the pin.!!!!! Why is it like this? Please refer to the diagram below for analysis.
The characteristic of push-4000056-002 TRICONEX nput/output communication cardpull output is that it can drive a large current regardless of whether it outputs high or low levels. For example, when outputting high levels, it can directly light up the LED (by connecting several hundred ohm current limiting resistors in series), which is difficult to achieve in quasi bidirectional I/O mode.
The characteristic of high impedance input mode is that it can only be used as an input, but it can obtain relatively high input impedance, which is necessary in analog comparator and ADC applications.
The open drain mode is similar to the quasi bidirectional mode, but there is no internal pull-up resistance. The advantage of open drain mode is good electrical compatibility. If the external pull-up resistor is connected to a 3V power supply, it can interface with a 3V logic device. If the pull-up resistor is connected to a 5V power supply, it can also interface with a 5V logic device. In addition, the open drain mode can also conveniently implement the “line and” logic function.
For the explanation of the above question, there is this information:
High resistance state is a common term in digital circuits, referring to an output state of a circuit that is neither high nor low. If the high resistance state is input into the next level circuit, it has no impact on the lower level circuit, just like not connected. If measured with a multimeter, it may be high or low, depending on what is connected afterwards.
High resistance states can be understood as open circuits during circuit analysis. You can think of it as having a very high output (input) resistance. His limit can be considered suspended.
Typical applications of high resistance states:
1. On the bus connected structure. There are multiple devices hanging on the bus, and the devices are connected to the bus in a high impedance form. This automatically releases the bus when the device does not occupy it, making it easier for other devices to gain access to the bus.
2. Most microcontroller I/O can be set to high impedance input when used, such as Lingyang, AVR, and so on. High resistance input can be considered as having infinite input resistance, indicating that I/O has minimal impact on the preceding stage and does not generate current (without attenuation), and to some extent, it also increases the chip”s resistance to voltage surges.
Is it better to have a higher number of IO module bit widths?
IO is an important component of PLC, and the collection of PLC information and the output of instructions must be applied to various input and output IO. I don”t know if you have read some IO user manuals. One of their instructions is the device”s bit width, such as 12 bits and 16 bits. So, is it better to have a higher number of bit widths for the IO module? Let”s talk about this matter.
Bit width is the number of bits of data that can be transmitted within a clock cycle, and the larger the number of bits, the greater the amount of data that can be transmitted instantly. From this perspective, the larger the bit width of the IO module, the better. This is not a problem. However, the amount of data transmission, also known as data bandwidth, depends not only on the bit width, but also on the frequency of data transmission. The multiplication of the two is the final total amount of data transmitted. That is to say, even if the light position is wide, but the frequency is too high, it still cannot work. At the same time, the larger the bit width, the higher the hardware cost, and the greater the heat generation and power consumption of the device.
How to Apply Ethernet IO Module to Weighbridge Data Collection4000056-002 TRICONEX nput/output communication card
Weighbridge, a large scale set on the ground, usually used to weigh the tonnage of cargo carried by a truck. It is the main weighing equipment used for measuring bulk goods in factories, mines, merchants, etc. The MXXXX series of Ethernet IO modules with barium rhenium technology have rich IO ports that can be used to assist in data collection and transmission of the weighbridge, quickly achieving comprehensive management of data and control.
Before the vehicle enters the weighbridge, there will be an infrared sensor scanning about a few hundred meters. The infrared sensor will output a switch signal to the Ethernet IO module, indicating that a vehicle needs to enter. Before the vehicle officially enters the weighbridge for weighing, there will be an infrared barrier sensor scanning, and the barrier will also output a switch signal to the Ethernet IO module. When the vehicle is completely parked in front of the weighbridge (including whether the position is correct), the central control room will decide whether to start weighing based on the information received by the IO module from the radar sensor. Finally, the vehicle is weighed and drives away from the weighbridge. The scanning signal from the infrared barrier sensor at the exit is transmitted to the IO module, and the central control room controls the IO port of the IO module to open (close) the barrier. The green light will light up, and the vehicle will fully exit and leave the weighing weighbridge. The entire weighing process requires only one Ethernet IO module to collect information and control actions.4000056-002 TRICONEX nput/output communication card
The MxxxT industrial remote Ethernet I/O data acquisition module adopts an industrial grade circuit design. The digital input adopts optocoupler isolation, providing 12 pulse counting inputs, supporting dry and wet contact input types. The analog input adopts operational amplifier isolation, supporting 12 bit high-precision data acquisition, compatible with 0~5V, 0~10V, 0~20mA, and 4~20mA input types. The DO output is a transistor Sink output, providing one channel of high-speed pulse output, The thermal resistance RTD input supports two types: PT100 and PT1000, and the analog AO output supports 0-10VDC output.
Pocket Io ™ The development platform has opened up numerous new avenues for experiencing the full power of Industry 4.0.
Compact design: compact structure, ultra small size, and overall dimensions (10 cubic inches: 3.5 “x 3.5” x 0.8 “).
Reliable and safe technology: Composed of advanced industrial products, all products have a rated working environment temperature of -40 ° C to+125 ° C, fully utilizing Maxim”s reliable, safe, and fast demagnetization technology.
Efficient: Ensure low power consumption and improve efficiency – no need for cooling fans.
Integrate numerous powerful interfaces: provide a complete set of 30 IOs for controlling the entire manufacturing node or a certain device, including: 4 analog inputs, 1 analog output, 8 digital inputs, 8 digital outputs, 2 RS-485 (compatible with Profibus fieldbus), 3 encoder/electrical control ports, and 4 IO Link hosts.
Long battery life: Firstly, the compact and portable PLC platform can work for up to 2 hours using “AA/AAA” type batteries, and 8 hours using LiFePO4 rechargeable batteries.
Programmable: It can be programmed through Arduino Sketch or using Intel”s Edison Eclipse IDE tool, supporting Windows, Linux, or Mac OS operating systems.
Easy to use: Sketches can be converted into apps and then downloaded to iPads ® Or iPhone ® (Converted to an HMI panel for controlling Pocket IO).
What are the advantages of Ethernet remote IO modules that can be cascaded?
Advantages and specific application scenarios of Ethernet remote IO modules that can be cascaded
For scenarios where data collection control points are linearly distributed, such as streetlights, bridges, streetlights, digital factories, parking lot parking monitoring, smart parking lots, smart parking racks, and building automation control systems in smart parks, using cascading dual Ethernet remote IO modules saves more costs than using single Ethernet remote IO modules.
The Ethernet remote IO module that can be cascaded is a new type of Ethernet remote IO module that supports MAC layer data exchange and can achieve hand in hand connection. This not only saves switch interfaces, but also reduces a large amount of Ethernet cable costs, wiring space, and wiring costs.
Its advantages are as follows:
1. No need for a large number of Ethernet switches or occupying Ethernet switch ports;
2. It can save a lot of Ethernet cables, cable space, and labor costs for installing cables;
3. The overall cost has significantly decreased;
4. Supports both Modbus RTU protocol, Modbus TCP protocol, and the Internet of Things protocol MQTT protocol;
5. Support TCP Server and TCP Client services;
6. Can be connected to SCADA systems, PLC systems, or cloud platforms;
7. The series uses a MAC layer for data exchange, ensuring that network connectivity does not cause communication issues with subsequent devices due to device failures in the middle.
The comparison between cascaded Ethernet remote IO modules and traditional IO modules used in building automation systems is shown in the following figure:
1. Adopting a cascaded dual Ethernet remote IO module, data acquisition and control wiring for floors with a height of 70 meters only requires a 70 meter Ethernet cable;
2. Using a traditional single Ethernet remote IO module, the data acquisition and control system wiring for a 70 meter high floor requires a 280 meter Ethernet cable.
It can be seen that using cascaded dual Ethernet remote IO modules can save a lot of wiring costs compared to traditional single Ethernet remote IO modules.
What exactly does embedded development do?
Embedded development is a technology similar to programming, but our understanding of the scope of programmers is to do computer software, web development, and also to do apps.
The majority of embedded development is intelligent electronic products, which are designed for hardware programming. This hardware can be understood as a circuit board, usually composed of a controller (processor) chip and different circuits.
The specific program and circuit are generally determined by the product function. For example, an electronic clock product is usually composed of a digital tube and a microcontroller (controller), and then written in C language to download it to the microcontroller to achieve clock display.4000056-002 TRICONEX nput/output communication card
Of course, there are far more products that can be developed in embedded systems, including smartphones, wearable devices, drones, robots, mice and keyboards, and so on.
The knowledge system of embedded development and design is also very diverse, and different products require different learning contents.
So, if we want to enter embedded development, we must first understand several directions of embedded development, otherwise you will never find a starting point.
The general mainstream directions are microcontroller development, ARM+Linux development, and FPGA/DSP development.
I have been working on microcontroller development for the past 10 years of my career.
Microcontrollers can be said to be the foundation of all directions. If you have strong microcontroller development capabilities, then ARM+Linux, or FPGA/DSP are easy for you to get started.
The development of microcontrollers is also one of the directions with the lowest threshold for embedded systems. Initially, I was self-taught in electrical engineering and transferred there. It took me about four months from the beginning of my studies to finding a job.
However, at that time, the threshold was still very low, and you could basically find a job by working on a small project with a 51 microcontroller.
If it”s the current situation, you only know these things and have little competitiveness. Nowadays, the main focus of enterprises is on whether you have project experience, rather than what kind of microcontroller you know.
The project experience can be accumulated through practical projects with endless microcontroller programming, which can be said to be the closest to actual development at present.
At present, the salary of single-chip microcontrollers is not low, and it is normal for them to start at 8K in first tier cities, and they can reach 15K after working for 2-3 years.
There are many industries covered by embedded systems, and in the later stage, based on work, we will only focus on one direction. From a macro perspective, we will divide it into embedded software development and embedded hardware development. Software development is mainly based on application software development on systems (Linux, VxWorks, WinCE, etc.), and hardware development includes motherboard design, system porting, cutting, and writing low-level drivers
My personal experience started with microcontrollers. Firstly, I studied C and C++, digital and analog electronics, power electronics, circuit design, microcontroller principles, FreeRTOS, data structures, and computer operating systems. Later, due to work requirements, I relearned university automation control theory, signals and systems, complex functions, linear algebra, calculus, statistics, and compiler principles. These are all basics, and it is important to understand and thoroughly study them, This will bring help to the later research and development work, and there is also a need for more drawing board, drawing board, and practical operation. Without practicing optics, the efficiency is very low, and knowledge is repetitive. Only by repeatedly looking and using can we understand. We can buy some development boards to assist in learning. Now that the internet is developed, network resources can improve our learning efficiency.
Embedded development refers to developing under an embedded operating system, commonly used systems include WinCE, ucos, vxworks, Linux, Android, etc. In addition, develop using C, C++, or assembly; Using advanced processors such as arm7, arm9, arm11, powerpc, mips, mipsel, or operating systems also belongs to embedded development.
1. Basic knowledge:
Purpose: I can understand the working principles of hardware, but the focus is on embedded software, especially operating system level software, which will be my advantage.
Subjects: Digital Circuits, Principles of Computer Composition, and Embedded Microprocessor Architecture.
Assembly Language, C/C++, Compilation Principles, Discrete Mathematics.
Data structure and algorithms, operating systems, software engineering, networks, databases.
Method: Although there are many subjects, they are all relatively simple foundations and most of them have been mastered. Not all courses may be taught, but elective courses can be taken as needed.
Main books: The C++programming language (I haven”t had time to read it), Data Structure-C2.
2. Learning Linux:
Purpose: To gain a deeper understanding of the Linux system.
Method: Using Linux ->Linxu system programming development ->Driver development and analysis of the Linux kernel. Let”s take a closer look, then the main topic is principles. After reading it a few times, look at the scenario analysis and compare it deeply. The two books intersect, with depth being the outline and emotion being the purpose. Analysis is version 0.11, suitable for learning. Finally, delve into the code.
Main books: Complete Analysis of Linux Kernel, Advanced Programming in Unix Environment, Deep Understanding of Linux Kernel, Scenario Analysis, and Source Generation.
3. Learning embedded Linux:
Purpose: To master embedded processors and their systems.
Method: (1) Embedded microprocessor structure and application: Direct arm principle and assembly are sufficient, without repeating x86.
(2) Embedded operating system class: ucOS/II is simple, open source, and easy to get started. Then delve deeper into uClinux.
(3) Must have a development board (arm9 or above) and have the opportunity to participate in training (fast progress, able to meet some friends).
Main books: Mao Decao”s “Embedded Systems” and other arm9 manuals and arm assembly instructions.
Modify the watchdog time of the PROFINET IO device under 16 STEP7
3.2 Check if the installation of PROFINET IO communication equipment meets the specifications
Most cases of PROFINET IO communication interference problems are caused by equipment installation that does not comply with the installation specifications for PROFINET IO communication, such as incomplete shielding, unreliable grounding, and being too close to interference sources. Installation that meets the specifications can avoid communication failures caused by electromagnetic interference. You can refer to the following brief installation requirements for PROFINET:
1. Wiring of PROFINET 4000056-002 TRICONEX nput/output communication card
In order to reduce the coupling of electric and magnetic fields, the larger the parallel distance between PROFINET and other power cable interference sources, the better. In accordance with IEC 61918, the minimum distance between PROFINET shielded cables and other cables can be referred to Table 1. PROFINET 4000056-002 TRICONEX nput/output communication card can be wired together with other data cables, network cables, and shielded analog cables. If it is an unshielded power cable, the minimum distance is 200mm.
Comprehensive analysis of the principle and application skills of microcontroller IO port
IO port operation is the most basic and important knowledge in microcontroller practice. This article takes a long time to introduce the principles of IO ports. I also consulted a lot of materials to ensure the accuracy of the content, and spent a long time writing it. The principle of IO ports originally required a lot of in-depth knowledge, but here it has been simplified as much as possible for easy understanding. This will be of great help in solving various IO port related problems in the future.
The IO port equivalent model is my original method, which can effectively reduce the difficulty of understanding the internal structure of the IO port. And after consulting and confirming, this model is basically consistent with the actual working principle.
I mentioned a lot earlier, and many people may already be eager to actually operate microcontrollers. The IO port, as the main means of communication between the microcontroller and the outside world, is the most basic and important knowledge for microcontroller learning. Previously, we programmed and implemented an experiment to light up the LED at the IO port. This article will continue to introduce the relevant knowledge of the IO port.
In order to better learn the operation of IO ports, it is necessary to understand the internal structure and related concepts of IO ports. These knowledge are very helpful for subsequent learning, with a focus on understanding and no need to memorize them intentionally. If you don”t remember, just come back and take a look. If you use it too much, you will naturally remember.
We have said that the most accurate and effective way to understand a chip is to refer to official chip manuals and other materials. But for beginners of microcontrollers, it may be difficult to understand the chip manual directly, especially when they see a bunch of English, unfamiliar circuits, and terminology. If it were me, I would definitely be crazy. But here I still provide a picture taken from Atmel”s official “Atmel 8051 Microcontrollers Hardware Manual”.
The purpose of giving this picture is not to dampen everyone”s enthusiasm for learning, but to help everyone understand how the various microcontroller materials we have seen come from and whether they are accurate. All of these can be clarified through official information, which will be helpful for everyone to further learn something in the future.
Introduction to the Second Function
The above figure is the authoritative 51 microcontroller IO port structure diagram provided by the official. It can be seen that the internal structure of the four sets of IO ports of the microcontroller is different, because some IO ports have a secondary function, as mentioned in the introductory section.
Do you remember this pin diagram? The second function name of the IO port is marked in parentheses. Except for P1, each interface has a second function. When introducing the microcontroller system module, I mentioned that the 51 microcontroller has an interface for reserved extended memory, which is the second function of P0 and P1 in the figure (while also using pins such as 29 and 30). Because it is not widely used and involves in-depth knowledge, no specific research will be conducted. By the way, the AD0~AD7 we see here are actually used for parallel ports. The second function of the P3 port, including serial port, will be introduced in detail later.
The drawbacks of network IO and the advantages of multiplexing IO
In order to talk about multiplexing, of course, we still need to follow the trend and adopt a whiplash approach. First, we will talk about the drawbacks of traditional network IO and use the pull and step method to grasp the advantages of multiplexing IO.
For the convenience of understanding, all the following code is pseudo code, and it is sufficient to know the meaning it expresses.
Blocking IO
The server wrote the following code to handle the data of client connections and requests.
Listenfd=socket()// Open a network communication port
Bind (listenfd)// binding
Listen (listenfd)// Listening while (1){
Connfd=accept (listenfd)// Blocking connection establishment
Int n=read (connfd, buf)// Blocking read data
DoSomeThing (buf)// What to do with the data you read
Close (connfd)// Close the connection and wait for the next connection in a loop
}
This code will be executed with stumbling blocks, just like this.
It can be seen that the thread on the server is blocked in two places, one is the accept function and the other is the read function.
If we expand on the details of the read function again, we will find that it is blocked in two stages.
This is traditional blocking IO.
The overall process is shown in the following figure.
So, if the client of this connection continues to not send data, the server thread will continue to block on the read function and not return, nor will it be able to accept other client connections.
This is definitely not feasible.
Non blocking IO
To solve the above problem, the key is to modify the read function.
A clever approach is to create a new process or thread every time, call the read function, and perform business processing.
While (1){
Connfd=accept (listenfd)// Blocking connection establishment
Pthread_ Create (doWork)// Create a new thread
}
Void doWork(){
Int n=read (connfd, buf)// Blocking read data
DoSomeThing (buf)// What to do with the data you read
Close (connfd)// Close the connection and wait for the next connection in a loop
}
In this way, once a connection is established for a client, it can immediately wait for a new client connection without blocking the read request from the original client.
However, this is not called non blocking IO, it just uses multithreading to prevent the main thread from getting stuck in the read function and not going down. The read function provided by the operating system is still blocked.
So true non blocking IO cannot be achieved through our user layer tricks, but rather by imploring the operating system to provide us with a non blocking read function.
The effect of this read function is to immediately return an error value (-1) when no data arrives (reaches the network card and is copied to the kernel buffer), rather than waiting for blocking.
The operating system provides this feature by simply setting the file descriptor to non blocking before calling read.
Fcntl (connfd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);
Int n=read (connfd, buffer)= SUCCESS;
In this way, the user thread needs to loop through the call to read until the return value is not -1, and then start processing the business.
We noticed a detail here.
Non blocking read refers to the stage where data is non blocking before it reaches the network card, or before it reaches the network card but has not been copied to the kernel buffer.
When the data has reached the kernel buffer, calling the read function is still blocked and requires waiting for the data to be copied from the kernel buffer to the user buffer before returning.
The overall process is shown in the following figure
IO multiplexing
Creating a thread for each client can easily deplete the thread resources on the server side.
Of course, there is also a clever solution. After accepting each client connection, we can put the file descriptor (connfd) into an array.
Fdlist. add (connfd);
Then create a new thread to continuously traverse the array and call the non blocking read method for each element.
While (1){
For (fd “- fdlist){
If (read (fd)!=- 1){
DoSomeThing();
}
}
}
In this way, we successfully processed multiple client connections with one thread.
Do you think this means some multiplexing?
But this is just like using multithreading to transform blocked IO into seemingly non blocking IO. This traversal method is just a small trick that our users have come up with, and every time we encounter a read that returns -1, it is still a system call that wastes resources.
Making system calls in a while loop is not cost-effective, just like making rpc requests while working on distributed projects.
So, we still need to plead with the operating system boss to provide us with a function that has such an effect. We will pass a batch of file descriptors to the kernel through a system call, and the kernel layer will traverse them to truly solve this problem.
1.Has been engaged in industrial control industry for a long time, with a large number of inventories.
2.Industry leading, price advantage, quality assurance
3.Diversified models and products, and all kinds of rare and discontinued products
4.15 days free replacement for quality problems
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